Which three pigments are primarily responsible for skin color?

The correct answer identifies the three key pigments that influence skin color: melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.

Melanin is the most significant pigment present in the skin, produced by melanocytes. It comes in two main forms: eumelanin, which is typically brown or black, and pheomelanin, which is yellow or red. The amount and type of melanin produced determine the shade of skin in individuals. Higher concentrations of melanin lead to darker skin tones, while lower concentrations correspond to lighter skin tones.

Carotene is another pigment found in the skin, derived from dietary sources such as carrots and other leafy green vegetables. It gives skin a yellowish-orange hue and can contribute to skin color, particularly in those with lighter skin tones or in areas where the skin is thinner.

Hemoglobin, found in red blood cells, can also affect skin color. It imparts a reddish hue to the skin, particularly in areas where blood vessels are close to the surface. The combination of melanin, carotene, and the effects of hemoglobin create a diverse range of skin tones in humans.

Other choices present pigments or components that do not have a direct role in determining overall skin color. For example, collagen is a structural