The contraction of which muscles leads to the phenomenon of goosebumps?

The phenomenon of goosebumps is primarily caused by the contraction of the arrector pili muscles. These small, smooth muscles are attached to hair follicles. When they contract, usually in response to cold temperatures or emotional stimuli such as fear, they pull on the hair follicles, causing the hair to stand upright. This reaction can create a layer of insulation by trapping air, which was more useful in our evolutionary past when our ancestors had more body hair.

The other types of muscles listed do not play a role in producing goosebumps. Biceps are skeletal muscles that facilitate movement of the arm and are not involved in skin or hair response. Skeletal muscles generally refer to the muscles involved in voluntary movements, while facial muscles control expressions and movements of the face, neither of which are related to the goosebumps reflex generated by the autonomic nervous system's response involving arrector pili.